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Download or read book Community Series in the Role of CD1- and MR1-restricted T cells in Immunity and Disease, Volume II written by Luc Van Kaer and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-09-26 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second volume in the series, the Role of CD1- and MR1-restricted T cells in Immunity and Disease. Please see volume I here. CD1 and MR1 are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related proteins that bind and present non-peptide antigens to subsets of T cells with specialized functions. CD1 proteins typically present lipid antigens to CD1-restricted T cells, whereas MR1 presents vitamin B-based ligands and a variety of drugs and drug-like molecules to MR1-restricted T cells. The CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules has been divided into two groups: Group 1 contains CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c, and Group 2 contains CD1d. Additionally, CD1e is expressed intracellularly and is involved in the loading of lipid antigens onto Group 1 CD1 proteins. Humans express both Groups 1 and 2 CD1 proteins, whereas mice only express CD1d. Group 1 CD1 proteins present lipid antigens to T cells that generally express diverse T cell receptors (TCRs) and exhibit adaptive-like functions, whereas CD1d presents lipid antigens to subsets of T cells that express either diverse or highly restricted TCRs and exhibit innate-like functions. CD1d-restricted T cells are called natural killer T (NKT) cells, which include Type I or invariant NKT (iNKT) cells expressing semi-invariant TCRs, and Type II NKT cells expressing more diverse TCRs. CD1-restricted T cells have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases, including cancer, infections, and autoimmune, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. Additionally, NKT cells have been targeted for immunotherapy of disease with ligands such as ‎α or α-galactosylceramide for iNKT cells, or sulfatide for Type II NKT cells.