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State expansion caused the reorganization of social conflict, promoting intense polarization between radicals and conservatives, high levels of popular mobiliza
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If the Arab uprisings initially heralded the end of tyrannies and a move toward liberal democratic governments, their defeat not only marked a reversal but was
Business Networks in Syria
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Collusion between business communities and the state can lead to a measure of security for those in power, but this kind of interaction often limits new develop
Authoritarianism in Syria
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For almost forty years Syria has been ruled by a populist authoritarian regime under the Ba'th Party, led since 1970 by President Hafiz al-Asad. The durability
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The social and economic forces that worked together to bring the Ba'thist party to power in 1963: the failure of traditional and liberal leadership, an agrarian