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Low back pain is a common disorder in the clinical treatment of the Department of Orthopedics. Lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration is a main reason for the

Disorders related to the intervertebral disc (IVD) are common causes of morbidity and of severe life quality deterioration. IVD degeneration, although in many c

Disorders related to the intervertebral disc (IVD) are common causes of morbidity and of severe life quality deterioration. IVD degeneration, although in many c

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is implicated as one of the primary causes of lower back pain (LBP), the leading cause of disability worldwide. This degeneratio

The intervertebral disc is a complex structure that separates opposing vertebrae, permits a wide range of motion, and accommodates high biomechanical forces. Di